Билеты для сдачи кандидатского минимума по английскому языку аспирантам специальностей правовед, бухгалтер, экономист, философ

БОЛЬШАЯ ЛЕНИНГРАДСКАЯ БИБЛИОТЕКА - РЕФЕРАТЫ - Билеты для сдачи кандидатского минимума по английскому языку аспирантам специальностей правовед, бухгалтер, экономист, философ

Билеты для сдачи кандидатского минимума по английскому языку аспирантам специальностей правовед, бухгалтер, экономист, философ

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: международное право; европейское право)

БИЛЕТ №1

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary.

Your time is 45 minutes

The need for enforcement

As the Court of Justice said in 1963, in the landmark case of Van Gend en

Laos NederlandseAdministratiederBelastingen (case 26/62), the European

Community

constitutes a new legal order in international law, for whose benefit the

states have limited their sovereign rights ... and the subjects of which

comprise not only the member states but also their nationals.

Whilst some may dispute the unique nature of this new legal order (see

Wyatt, D., 'New Legal Order or Old?' (1982) 7 EL Rev 147) there is no doubt

that the law stemming from the three EC treaties comprising the European

Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty 1951, the Euratom Treaty 1957 and

the European Economic Community (EEC) Treaty 1957, renamed the Economic

Community (EC) by the Treaty on European Union 1992, differs from

traditional international law in a number of important respects. First, the

Treaties, particularly the EC Treaty, are much more extensive in their

scope than most international agreements, embracing many areas of activity

normally reserved to national law alone; secondly they created a strong

framework of institutions, endowed with the power to make laws, binding on

states and individuals, on all matters within their scope; and thirdly, and

as a result of the first two factors, EC law is exceptional in the extent

to which it penetrates domestic law, creating rights and obligations

enforceable by and even against individuals before their national courts.

These characteristics, taken together, have resulted in an immense and ever-

growing body of Community law, existing alongside and often conflicting

with domestic law, and enforceable, directly or indirectly, within domestic

legal systems.

Because of its 'special' nature the enforcement of EC law raises

particular problems for English lawyers. It requires a new approach to

interpretation; the application of new techniques and principles; the

modification of national actions taken by the institutions of the

Community. They shall facilitate the achievement of the Community's tasks.

They shall abstain from, any measure which could jeopardise the

attainment of the objectives of this Treaty.

Enforcing EC Law. Josephine Steiner. Blackstone Press Limited, 1995

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a

dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

Dear Mr. Minister:

It was a pleasure to meet you during our recent visit to Moscow. I was

encouraged with the discussion and look forward to moving ahead to assist

small- and medium-sized businesses in Russia.

Mr. Paul Tumminia, Ex-Im Bank Director-Russia and NIS, will be in contact

with you as to our future plans on this matter.

Please do let us know if you are planning to be in the U.S.

Sincerely,

phone (202)

565-3500 fax (202) 565-3513

811 vermont avenue, N.W.

washington, D.C. 20571

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: международное право; европейское право)

БИЛЕТ №2

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary.

Your time is 45 minutes

Accordingly, judicial activity is essentially the last link in the chain of

the crystallisation of the rule of law ... it is the bridge between the

necessarily abstract legal rule and the necessarily individual nature of

the particular case. Every case is individual and every rule abstract.

This doctrine obliterates any distinction between law and obligation or,

more precisely, legal relationships. The latter constitute only the

specific application of the former. This assimilation of legal material has

a peculiar consequence for the presentation of international law:

The actual content of international law is even more meagre than may

appear from its presentation in text-books, when we consider that most

rules of international law are concer