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БОЛЬШАЯ ЛЕНИНГРАДСКАЯ БИБЛИОТЕКА - РЕФЕРАТЫ - Курсовая: Технический проект на производство топографо-геодезических работ (RTF&Autocad)Курсовая: Технический проект на производство топографо-геодезических работ (RTF&Autocad)16Oaaea?aeueiay neoaeaa aaiaeacee e ea?oia?aoee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee Iineianeee Eieeaaeae Aaiaeacee e Ea?oia?aoee Eo?niaie i?iaeo Oaoie/aneee i?iaeo ia i?iecaiaenoai oiiia?aoi-aaiaeace/aneeo ?aaio ia iauaeoa E?eooneee Niaea?aeaiea. Aaaaeaiea ........................................................................ ......................................................... 3 1. Iauea naaaeaiey ........................................................................ ......................................... 4 2. Oa?aeoa?enoeea iauaeoa ........................................................................ ........................... 6 3. Iaci? oiiia?aoi - aaiaeace/aneie iaania/aiiinoe iauaeoa e noaiaie aa eniieueciaaiey aeey ?aaio ........................................................................ .......................... 7 4. I?iaeoe?oaiua ?aaiou. 4.1 Iieeaiiiiao?ey 1 e 2 ?ac?yaea ........................................................................ ............... 8 4.2 Ieaaee?iaaiea IV eeanna ........................................................................ ...................... 10 4.3 Iieaaua ?aaiou i?e noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea ianooaaa 1:2000 n na/aieai ?aeueaoa /a?ac 0,5 iao?a ........................................................................ .............. 12 5. I?aaiecaoeey ?aaio ia iauaeoa ........................................................................ ................ 16 6. Iainiiaaiea niaoiie noieiinoe e niaoa ia auiieiaiea ?aaio ................................ 17 7. I?eeiaeaiey. Aaaaeaiea. Ia caaeaiiii o/anoea no?ieoaeuenoaa i?aaeeaaaaony ?ac?aaioaoue oaoie/aneee i?iaeo ia i?iecaiaenoai oiiia?aoi-aaiaeace/aneeo ?aaio e auiieieoue ?an/ao niaoiie noieiinoe. I?aaeeaaaaony nicaeaoue ieaiiai-aunioioth iniiao aeey iineaaeothuae noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiee ianooaaa 1:2000 n na/aieai ?aeueaoa /a?ac 0,5 iao?a. Ieaiiaoth iniiao i?aaeeaaaaony nicaeaoue iaoiaeii iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia. Aunioioth - iaoiaeii ieaaee?iaaiey 4 eeanna. 1. Iauea naaaeaiey. O/anoie , ia eioi?ii aoaeoo i?iecaiaeeoueny ?aaiou ?aniieiaeai a a. E?eoone. Caeac/eeii yaeyaony III ?Naioe??, ca n/ao eioi?iai e aoaeoo i?iecaiaeeoueny ana cai?iaeoe?iaaiiua ?aaiou. Oeaeaaia iacia/aiea ?aaio : nicaeaoue ieaiiai - aunioioth aaiaeace/aneoth iniiao aeey iineaaeothuae noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiee ianooaaa 1:2000 n na/aieai ?aeueaoa /a?ac 0,5 iao?a. Aeaeu ?aaio ii eioi?ui auiieiyaony i?iaeoe?iaaiea : 1. ?aeiaiinoee?iaea ioieoia iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia. 2. Caeeaaeea oeaio?ia. 3. Ecia?aiea oaeia e aeeei noi?ii ia ioieoao iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia. 4. Ieaaee?iaaiea 4 eeanna ii ioieoai iieeaiiiiao?ee. 5. Iieaaua ?aaiou i?e noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea ianooaaa 1:2000. A?aoee auiieiaiey ?aaio. ?I?iaeoe?oaiua ?aaiouA?aiy auiieiaiey ?aaio1.?aeiaiinoee?iaea ioieoia iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia.10.04.97 - 09.05.972.Caeeaaeea oeaio?ia. 10.05.97 - 10.10.973.Ecia?aiea oaeia e aeeei noi?ii ia ioieoao iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia. 10.05.98 - 09.08.984.Ieaaee?iaaiea 4 eeanna ii ioieoai iieeaiiiiao?ee.10.08.98 - 10.10.985.Iieaaua ?aaiou i?e noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea ianooaaa 1:2000. 10.05.99 - 10.10.99 Ea?oa iauaeoa: yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy yyyyyyyyyyyyyy0/O 2. Oa?aeoa?enoeea iauaeoa. Eeeiao. Eeeiao eiioeiaioaeueiue. N?aaeiyy oaiia?aoo?a yiaa?y -210N. Niaaeiue iie?ia aea?aeeony 160-170 aeiae. N?aaeiyy oaiia?aoo?a ethey 170N - 190N. Iauay noiia inaaeeia 350-430 ii a aiae, aeaaiay eo /anoue auiaaeaao ai 2-e iieiaeia eaoa e ia/aea inaie. ?anoeoaeueiinoue. ?ani?ino?aiaiu naaoeioaieiua eenoaaiie/iua e niniiaua oaiiioaieiua eana. Noaiiay e eaninoaiiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue nio?aieeanue ia iaaieueoeo ia?aniaoaiiuo o/anoeao. A?oiou. Ia aieueoae /anoe oa??eoi?ee ?ani?ino?aiaiu aea?iiai-iiaecieenoua, iiaecieenoua, oaiii-ei?e/iaaua e oaiii-na?ua eaniua neaaiiiaecieaiiua ii/au. Aeae?ia?aoey. Ai?iae ?aniieiaeai a aannaeia ?. Aienay o aiaaeaiey ?. E?eoo a Aiaa?o. Yeiiiie/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea ?aeiia. Eiathueany iooe niiauaiey - aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua (E?eoone - Nethaeyiea, Aaaeai - Oaeoao, Oaeoao - Eaia, O?aaoiaay - Ono-Eeei ); aaoiiiaeeueiua ( Iineianeee o?aeo, E?eoone - Ea/oa, Ooeoi - A?aone ); aiaeiua ( noaeioiaeiua ?aee - Aiaa?a, Aeoei, Eaia ); aicaeooiue. N?aaenoaa nayce : ii/oa, oaeaa?ao, oaeaoii. 3. Iaci? oiiia?aoi-aaiaeace/aneie iaania/aiiinoe iauaeoa e noaiaie aa eniieueciaaiey a i?iaeoe?oaiuo ?aaioao. Eiathueany ia iauaeoa ioieou aoaeoo eniieueciaaiu eae enoiaeiua aeey i?iaeoe?oaiuo oiaeia iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaea e ieaaee?iaaiey IV eeanna. Oaaeeoea ?1. Ia?a/aiue ?aiaa auiieiaiiuo o?eaiaoeyoeeiiiuo ?aaio. Iaeiaiiaaiea i?aaiecaoeee, auiieieaoae ?aaioo, aiae.Eeann o?eaiaoeyoeeeN?aaeiyy eaaae?aoe/aneay iia?aoiinoue ecia?aiey oaea.Eiee/anoai ioieoia.AOAE. I?aaei?eyoea ?Ay?iaaiaeacey?. a.E?eoone, 1991 a. 4 1,7? 2 Oaaeeoea ?2. Ia?a/aiue ?aiaa auiieiaiiuo ieaaee?iuo ?aaio. Iaeiaiiaaiea i?aaiecaoeee, auiieieaoae ?aaioo, aiae.Eeann ieaaee?iaaiey.N?aaeiyy eaaae?aoe/aneay iia?aoiinoue ia 1 ei oiaea.*enei ieaaee?iuo ciaeia ia o/anoea.AOAE. I?aaei?eyoea ?Ay?iaaiaeacey?. a.E?eoone, 1991 a. III 3.2 ii 2 Ia oa??eoi?ee iauaeoa iaoiaeeony aeaa ioieoa o?eaiaoeyoeee 4 eeanna, eioi?ua eiatho ioiaoeo ec ieaaee?iaaiey III eeanna. Yoe ioieou yaeythony enoiaeiuie aeey i?iaeoe?iaaiey aoaeouae ieaiiai-aunioiie aaiaeace/aneie iniiau aeey i?iecaiaenoaa iineaaeothuae nuaiee. Eniieuecoy yoe ioieou ninoaaeyaony noaia i?iaeoe?oaiuo ?aaio. (ni. i?eeiaeaiea)4. I?iaeoe?oaiua ?aaiou. 4.1 Iieeaiiiiao?ey 1 e 2 ?ac?yaea. I?iaeoe?iaaiea aaiaeace/aneeo naoae naouaiey ia oa??eoi?ee i?iiieiuaaeee inouanoaeyaony iaoiaeii i?ieiaeaiey oiaeia iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia. A niioaaonoaee n i.2.22 ?Eino?oeoeee ii oiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea a ianooaaao 1:5000 - 1:500? ieioiinoue aaiaeace/aneie iniiau aeieaeia auoue aeiaaaeaia ?acaeoeai naoae naouaiey ia i?iiieiuaaeea ia iaiaa /ai aei 4-o ioieoia ia 1 ei2 a cano?iaiiie oa??eoi?ee. Aeey iaania/aiey eiaeaia?iuo ecuneaiee ia i?iiieiuaaeea ieioiinoue nuaii/iiai iainiiaaiey iiaeao auoue aeiaaaeaia aei 8-ie ioieoia ia 1 ei2. A niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieai eino?oeoeee (i.2.22) ia oa??eoi?ee iauaeoa ieioiinoue ninoaaeyao 6 ioieoia ia 1 ei2 , o.a. 6 ioieoia x 35 ei2 = 210 ioieoia. Iieiaeaiea iieiaeiu ioieoia aoaeao ii?aaeaeaii i?ieiaeaieai oiaeia iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 ?ac?yaea, a iieiaeia - iaoiaeii iieeaiiiiao?ee 2 ?ac?yaea, oiaaea i?ioyaeaiiinoue oiaeia aoaeao ?aaia: 105 ioieoia o 0,3 ei = 31,5 ( I ?ac?yae); 105 ioieoia o 0,2 ei = 21,0 ( II ?ac?yae); Iauay aeeeia oiaeia - 52,5 ei. ? (0,3 e 0,2 - noi?iiu iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia a niioaaonoaee n eino?oeoeeae ii oiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea a ianooaaao 1:5000 - 1:500). Ioieou iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia cae?aieythony iinoiyiiuie oeaio?aie oeia 2 e 6, a oaeaea noaiiuie ciaeaie. Oceiaua oi/ee cae?aieythony oeaio?aie aeoaieiai caeiaeaiey oeia 2. Ia iniiaaiee enoiaeiuo aeaiiuo e auiieiaiiuo ?an/aoia i?aaeeaaaaony noaia i?iaeoe?oaiuo ?aaio: Oaaeeoea ?3. Aaaeiiinoue iauaiia ?aaio ii iieeaiiiiao?ee. ?Iaeiaiiaaiea i?ioeannia a ii?yaeea oaoiieiae/aneie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe.Aaeeieoea ecia?aiey.Iauai ?aaio ii oaoie/aneiio i?iaeoo.1.?aeiaiinoee?iaea ioieoia iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia.ioieo2102.Caeeaaeea oeaio?ia: a) aeoaieia caeiaeaiea (o.2) a) iaaeoaieia caeiaeaiea (o.6) a) noaiiie ciaeoeaio? (ioieo) 55 77 783.Ecia?aiea oaeia e noi?ii ia ioieoao iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia.210 Oaoie/aneea oneiaey ecia?aiey oaeia e noi?ii iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaea i?eaiaeyony ieaea (a niioaaonoaee n eino?oeoeeae ii oiiinuaiea). Iieacaoaee1 ?ac?yae2 ?ac?yaeI?aaeaeueiay aeeeia oiaea, ei: ioaeaeueiiai iaaeaeo enoiaeiie e oceiaie oi/eie iaaeaeo oceiauie oi/eaie 5 3 2 3 2 1,5I?aaeaeueiue ia?eiao? iieeaiia, ei159Aeeeiu noi?ii oiaea, ei: iaeaieueoay iaeiaiueoay n?aaeiyy ?an/aoiay 0,80 0,12 0,30 0,35 0,08 0,20*enei noi?ii a oiaea, ia aieaa1515Ioiineoaeueiay iia?aoiinoue oiaea, ia aieaa1:100001:5000N?aaeiyy eaaae?aoe/aneay iia?aoiinoue ecia?aiey oaea (ii iaayceai a oiaeao e iieeaiiao), oaeiaua naeoiaeu, ia aieaa 5 10Oaeiaay iaaycea oiaea eee iieeaiia, oaeiaua naeoiaeu, ia aieaa, aaea n - /enei oaeia a oiaea1020 Ecia?aiea oaeia ia ioieoao iieeaiiiiao?ee i?iecaiaeeony niiniaii ecia?aiey ioaeaeueiiai oaea eee niiniaii e?oaiauo i?eaiia, eae i?aaeei, ii o?ao- ooaoeaiie nenoaia iioe/aneeie oaiaeieeoaie O1, O2, O5 e ae?oaeie, ei ?aaiioi/iuie, n oi/iinoueth oeaio?e?iaaiey 1 ii. Niinia e?oaiauo i?eaiia i?eiaiyaony, eiaaea /enei iaaethaeaaiuo iai?aaeaiee ia ioieoa ia aieaa aeaoo. Ia?aae ia/aeii ?aaio i?eai?u i?iaa?ythony e enneaaeothony a i?ia?aiia. Oeiu i?eai?ia*enei i?eaiia a iieeaiiiiao?ee1 ?ac?yae2 ?ac?yaeO2 e aio ?aaiioi/iua22O5 e aio ?aaiioi/iua32 I?e ia?aoiaea io iaeiiai i?eaia e ae?oaiio eeia ia?anoaaeyaony ia oaie 1800/n+, aaea n - /enei i?eaiia, a = 10 eee 5. 4.2 Ieaaee?iaaiea IV eeanna. Aeey iaania/aiey aunioiie aaiaeace/aneie iniiau aeey iineaaeothuae oiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiee i?iaeo i?aaeoniao?eaaao auiieiaiea ieaaee?iaaiey IV eeanna ii oiaeai iieeaiiiiao?ee 1 e 2 ?ac?yaeia. Oiaeu ieaaee?iaaiey cae?aieythony oeaio?aie aeoaieiai caeiaeaiey, eniieuecoaiuie a iieeaiiiiao?ee (55 ioieoia) e noaiiuie ciaeaie (78 ciaeia). Ec ?an/aoia, i?eaaaeaiiuo auoa, cae?aieaiea ioieoia i?iaiaeeony 133-iy iinoiyiiuie ieaaee?iuie ciaeaie. Oaaeeoea ?4. Aaaeiiinoue iauaiia ?aaio ii ieaaee?iaaieth IV eeanna. Iaeiaiiaaiea i?ioeanniaAaeeieoea ecia?aieyIauai ?aaio ii oaoie/aneiio i?iaeooIeaaee?iaaiea IV eeannaei210 ei + 2 ei i?eayci/iuo a caaeneiinoe io noaiu = 212 ei. Ieaaee?iaaiea IV eeanna auiieiyaony a niioaaonoaee n ioieoii ?9 ?Eino?oeoeee ii oiiinuaiea?. Iniiaiua o?aaiaaiey: - ieaaee?iua oiaeu IV eeanna i?ieeaaeuaathony a iaeiii iai?aaeaiee. Aeeeia eeiee ieaaee?iaaiey IV eeanna ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue 50 ei; - ieaaee?iaaiea IV eeanna auiieiyaony ieaaee?aie, eiathueie oaaee/aiea o?oau ia iaiaa 25o, oeaio aeaeaiey o?iaiy ia aieaa 25? ia 2 ii; - ia?aae ia/aeii iieaauo ?aaio aeieaeiu auiieiyoueny iieaaua iiaa?ee e enneaaeiaaiey ieaaee?ia, a oaeaea eiiia?e?iaaiea ?aae; - ?aeee aeey ieaaee?iaaiey IV eeanna i?eiaiythony aeaonoi?iiiea oaoa/iua, ion/aou ii /a?iui e e?aniui noi?iiai ?aae i?iecaiaeyo ii n?aaeiae ieoe. Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ?annoiyiee io ieaaee?a aei ?aae i?iecaiaeyony ion/aou ii aeaeueiiia?iui ieoyi ii /a?iui noi?iiai ?aae; - ?anoiaeaeaiea cia/aiee i?aauoaiey ia noaioeee, ii?aaeaeaiiiai ii /a?iui e e?aniui noi?iiai ?aae, aeiioneaaony aei 5 ii; - iaaycee a oiaeao iaaeaeo enoiaeiuie ioieoaie e a iieeaiiao aeieaeiu auoue ia aieaa 20 (ii) i?e /enea noaioeee iaiaa 15 ia 1 ei oiaea e 5 (ii) i?e /enea noaioeee aieaa 15 ia 1 ei oiaea, aaea L - aeeeia oiaea (iieeaiia) a ei; n - /enei noaioeee a oiaea (iieeaiia). 4.3 Iieaaua ?aaiou i?e noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea ianooaaa 1:2000 n na/aieai ?aeueaoa /a?ac 0,5 iao?a. Noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneay nuaiea auiieiyaony ii iaeiie ec neaaeothueo oaoiieiae/aneeo noai: 1 aa?eaio: - eiioo?iay /anoue ieaia nicaeaaony ia iniiaa oioiieaiia, a nuaiea ?aeueaoa auiieiyaony ia oieaa?naeueiuo noa?aioioia?aiiao?e/aneeo i?eai?ao; aeaoeo?e?iaaiea auiieiyaony iooai ni/aoaiey iieaaiai e eaia?aeueiiai aeaoeo?e?iaaiey. 2 aa?eaio: - ninoaaeaiea eiioo?iie /anoe ieaia e nuaiea ?aeueaoa auiieiythony ia oieaa?naeueiuo noa?aioioia?aiiao?e/aneeo i?eai?ao; aeaoeo?e?iaaiea auiieiyaony eaia?aeueii e a iiea ia ay?ioioinieieao eee oioinoaiao. ?? I/IIaeiaiiaaiea i?ioeannia ?aaioAaeeieoea ecia?aieyIauai ?aaio1.Iieaaua ?aaiou i?e noa?aioiiia?aoe/aneie nuaiea ianooaaa 1:2000 n na/aieai ?aeueaoa /a?ac 0,5 i ei.ea. 35 Aeaeu e oaoiieiaey cai?iaeoe?iaaiiuo ?aaio : A). Ia?ee?iaea iiiciaeia. I?e nuaiea a ianooaaao 1:2000, 1:1000 e 1:500 ia?ee?othony ioieou aaiaeace/aneiai iainiiaaiey, ieaiiaua (ieaiiai-aunioiua) iiiciaee, aoiaeiua e auoiaeiua i?eaioe?u ia inyo ia?o?ooia ay?ioioinuaiee. Ia?ee?oaiua ieaiiaua (ieaiiai-aunioiua) iiiciaee aeieaeiu ?aniieaaaoueny oaeei ia?acii, /oiau ia ay?ioioinieieao eo ecia?aaeaiey ia cae?uaaeenue ecia?aaeaieyie ae?oaeo iauaeoia eee eo oaiyie. Anee ioieou aaiaeace/aneiai iainiiaaiey cae?aieaiu noaiiuie ciaeaie, oi aianoi ieo ia?ee?othony ?aniieiaeaiiua aaeece ianoiua i?aaeiaou, eii?aeeiaou eioi?uo aeieaeiu auoue ii?aaeaeaiu aeiiieieoaeueii. Aeey ia?ee?iaee, eae i?aaeei, aeieaeiu i?eiaiyoueny aeaoaaua iaoa?eaeu. Iaycaoaeueiui oneiaeai auai?a iaoa?eaeia e e?anyueo aauanoa aeey ia?ee?iaee yaeyaony iaania/aiea iaeneiaeueiiai eiio?anoa iaaeaeo ia?ee?iai/iui ciaeii e oiiii. Ia?ee?iai/iua ciaee aeieaeiu eiaoue, eae i?aaeei, oi?io e?anoa, ninoiyuaai ec /aou?ao eo/ae ni naiaiaeiui i?ino?ainoaii a oeaio?a, eaaae?aoa eee e?oaa. Ia eaaeaeue ia?ee?iai/iue ciae ninoaaeyaony niaoeeaeueiay ea?oi/ea, a eioi?ie oeacuaaaony ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea caia?ee?iaaiiie oi/ee, /oi caia?ee?iaaii, aa?en, ?acia?u e oi?ia ia?ee?iai/iiai ciaea, aunioa iaae iiaa?oiinoueth caiee a naioeiao?ao, iaoa?eae, eniieueciaaiiue aeey ia?ee?iaee. A). Ieaiiai- aunioiay i?eaycea ay?ioioinieieia. I?iaeoe?oaiua ieaiiaua iiiciaee aeieaeiu ii aiciiaeiinoe niaiauaoueny n ?aia?aie ieaaee?iaaiey. Ia/aei e eiiaoe eaaeaeiai ia?o?ooa ay?ioioinuaiee aeieaeiu auoue iaania/aiu aeaoiy ieaiiauie iii?iuie oi/eaie, iaeia ec eioi?uo aeieaeia iaoiaeeony ca a?aieoeae o/anoea nuaiee. A?aieoeu, niaiaaeathuea n iai?aaeaieai ia?o?ooia ay?ioioinuaiee, iaania/eaathony aeiiieieoaeueiuie ieaiiauie oi/eaie iina?aaeeia (/a?ac 40-50 ni), anee /enei ia?o?ooia ia o/anoea aieueoa o?ao. Aeey eiio?iey oioia?aiiao?e/aneiai naouaiey a eaaeaeii aeiea, ninoiyuai ec 4-6 o?aiaoeee nicaeaaaaiiai ieaia, ii?aaeaeythony 1-2 eiio?ieueiua ieaiiaua oi/ee. Eiio?ieueiuie oi/eaie iiaoo neoaeeoue oaeaea iiiciaiiua oi/ee aaiaeace/aneiai iainiiaaiey (ioieou o?eaiaoeyoeee e iieeaiiiiao?ee). A ea/anoaa ieaiiauo iiiciaeia auae?athony eiioo?iua oi/ee, eioi?ua iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue ia ay?ioioinieiea n oi/iinoueth 0,1 ii a ianooaaa ieaia. Aunioiua iiiciaee neaaeoao ii aiciiaeiinoe niaiauaoue n caia?ee?iaaiiuie oi/eaie. Iiiciaee, ia niaiauaiiua n caia?ee?iaaiiuie oi/eaie, auae?athony ia iaaeaaeii iiiciaaaaiuo eiioo?ao. Ioeaee a iiiciaaaiee oi/ee ia ianoiinoe e ioiaeaeanoaeaiee aa ia ay?ioioinieiea ia aeieaeiu i?eaiaeeoue e ioeaea a aunioa oi/ee aieaa 1/10 auniou na/aiey ?aeueaoa. Cai?auaaony auae?aoue a ea/anoaa aunioiuo iiiciaeia oi/ee, ?aniieiaeaiiua ia e?oouo neeiiao. Ia niaiauaiiua n caia?ee?iaaiiuie oi/eaie aunioiua iiiciaee i?e ?ac?aaeaiiie aunioiie iiaeaioiaea iiaeeaaeao iieiiio iieaaiio eiio?ieueiiio iiiciaaaieth. I?e aunioiie iiaeaioiaea ii?aaeaeytho ioiaoee o?acia aiaeu a ?aeao e aiaeiaiao, a oaeaea ioiaoee oa?aeoa?iuo e /aoeeo eiioo?iuo oi/ae a i?iiaaeooeao iaaeaeo iiiciaeaie. Auniou iiiciaeia ii?aaeaeytho oaoie/aneei ieaaee?iaaieai i?e nuaiea n aunioie na/aiey 0,5 i. Ia eaaeaeoth nuaii/ioth o?aiaoeeth i?e auiieiaiee aunioiie iiaeaioiaee aeieaeii auoue ii?aaeaeaii ia iaiaa 5 aunioiuo oi/ae aeey eiio?iey noa?ai?eniaee ?aeueaoa. A). Aeaoeo?e?iaaiea ay?ioioinieieia. Aeaoeo?e?iaaiea ia ianoiinoe ianaeaiiuo ioieoia e iauaeoia n aunieie eiioo?iie iaa?oceie iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny ia oaaee/aiiuo ay?ioioinieieao, oioinoaiao, oioiieaiao eee ay?ioioinieieao a eiiieaeoa n a?aoe/aneei i?eaeiaeii. Iaoa?eae, ia eioi?ii oeene?othony ?acoeueoaou aeaoeo?e?iaaiey, aeieaeai auoue a ianooaaa nicaeaaaaiiai ieaia eee aeecie e iaio. Iieiioa e aeaoaeueiinoue aeaoeo?e?iaaiey ii?aaeaeythony aeaenoaothueie Oneiaiuie ciaeaie e aeiiieieoaeueiuie oaoie/aneeie o?aaiaaieyie e ieaiai niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiai iacia/aiey. Oneiaiua ciaee iauaeoia aeieaeiu ?aciauaoueny n i?inaaoaie iaaeaeo ieie 0,3 ii. I?e i?iecaiaenoaa aeaoeo?e?iaaiey a i?aaeaeao cano?iaiiuo oa??eoi?ee eiee/anoai i?aaeiaoia ianoiinoe iiaeao ieacaoueny ianoieueei cia/eoaeueiui, /oi iaianoe eo ana ia naieo ianoao ia i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui. A yoeo neo/ayo iaeaieaa aaaeiua ii naiaio cia/aieth i?aaeiaou iieacuaatho oi/ii ia naieo ianoao, a iaiaa aaaeiua iiaoo auoue iaiiiai naeaeioou eee iiouaiu. Aeaoeo?e?iaaiea iacaaeneii io oaoiieiae/aneeo aa?eaioia nuaiee, eae i?aaeei, aeieaeii eiio?iee?iaaoueny e i?eieiaoueny iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia ianoiinoe.5. I?aaiecaoeey ?aaio ia iauaeoa. Niaeanii caaeaiey, eiaeaia?iua aaiaeace/aneea ecuneaiey aoaeoo i?iaiaeeoueny a E?eooneie iaeanoe neeaie ecuneaoaeueneie ia?oee. Aaca ecuneaoaeueneie ia?oee aua?aia a ?aniieiaeaiiii a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeecinoe io iauaeoa ?aaio ianaeaiiii ioieoa, eiathuai ioaeaeaiea nayce, aaeece io aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie noaioeee. Oaeia ianoi?aniieiaeaiea ecuneaoaeueneie ia?oee iicaieyao iaeaa/eoue niaaaeaiea iieaauo iiae?acaeaeaiee iaoa?eaeaie, eino?oiaioaie, i?iaeoeoaie e aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie, a oaeaea iaeaa/aao inouanoaeaiea nayce e oi?aaeaiey. Ianoi ?aniieiaeaiey iieaauo io?yaeia e a?eaaae oaeaea aoaeao aua?aii eae iiaeii aeeaea e ?aeiio ?aaio, /oi cia/eoaeueii iiauneo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea. I?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi ?aniieiaeaiea io?yaeia aoaeao inouanoaeyoueny a ianaeaiiuo ioieoao. Iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneia niaaaeaiea (aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, eino?oiaiou, iai?oaeiaaiea, ai?th/a-niaci/iua iaoa?eaeu e caianiua /anoe) ecuneaoaeueneie ia?oee i?aaeiieaaaaony inouanoaeyoue neeaie auoanoiyuae i?aaiecaoeee (yeniaaeeoeee), a i?iaeoeoaie ieoaiey - /a?ac ianoiua I?Nu e O?Nu. Niaaaeaiea iieaauo iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaeoniao?eaaaony neeaie ecuneaoaeueneie ia?oee aaoiiiaeeueiui o?ainii?oii ii ca?aiaa ninoaaeaiiiio a?aoeeo eee ii aeiaiai?aiiinoe iaaeaeo ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie iiae?acaeaeaiee. Iieaaua iiae?acaeaeaiey (io?yaeu e a?eaaaeu) i?aaeiieaaaaony niaaaeeoue aaoio?ainii?oii (oeia OAC-469), a io?yaeu, aei?iae aei ianoa i?iaaaeaiey ?aaio o eioi?uo ionoonoaotho - aaoio?ainii?oii oeia AAC-71. 7. Iainiiaaiea niaoiie noieiinoe e niaoa ia auiieiaiea ?aaio. Niaoiay noieiinoue ?aaio ii?aaeaeaia ii ?Niaoiui oe?oiiaiiui ?anoeaieai (NO?) ia oiiia?aoi-aaiaeace/aneea ?aaiou?. Niaoiua ?anoeaiee niaea?aeao cao?aou i?iecaiaenoaa ii noaoueyi iniiaiuo ?anoiaeia: - iniiaioth ca?aaioioth ieaoo (EO? e ?aai/eo); - aeiiieieoaeueioth ca?aaioioth ieaoo; - io/eneaiea ia nioeeaeueiia no?aoiaaiea; - iieaaia aeiaieuenoaea ia iieaauo ?aaioao; - noieiinoue iaoa?eaeia, eniieuecoaiuo i?e auiieiaiee ?aaio; - aii?oecaoeeth iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia; - eciin iaeioeaiiiai eiouanoaa, nia?yaeaiey e eiaaioa?y; - noieiinoue o?ainii?oa. ?anoiaeu ia i?aaiecaoeeiiii-eeeaeaeaoeeiiiua ?aaiou ?ann/eouaathony a i?ioeaioiii ioiioaiee io noieiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa ?aaio. Iaeeaaeiua ?anoiaeu ii?aaeaeythony a i?ioeaioiii ioiioaiee io iniiaiuo ?anoiaeia. |
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